Arquitectura de Microservicios con Node.js: Guía Completa

// src/domain/entities/User.tsimport { Email } from '../value-objects/Email';import { Password } from '../value-objects/Password';import { UserId } from '../value-objects/UserId';import { UserCreatedEvent } from '../events/UserCreatedEvent';import { DomainEvent } from '../events/DomainEvent'; interface UserProps {  id: UserId;  email: Email;  password: Password;  name: string;  isActive: boolean;  createdAt: Date;  updatedAt: Date;} export class User {  private readonly props: UserProps;  private domainEvents: DomainEvent[] = [];   private constructor(props: UserProps) {    this.props = props;  }   // Factory method - único punto de creación  static create(props: {    email: Email;    password: Password;    name: string;  }): User {    const user = new User({      id: UserId.create(),      email: props.email,      password: props.password,      name: props.name,      isActive: true,      createdAt: new Date(),      updatedAt: new Date(),    });     // Registrar evento de dominio    user.addDomainEvent(new UserCreatedEvent(user));     return user;  }   // Reconstituir desde la base de datos  static reconstitute(props: UserProps): User {    return new User(props);  }   // Getters - encapsulamiento  get id(): UserId {    return this.props.id;  }   get email(): Email {    return this.props.email;  }   get name(): string {    return this.props.name;  }   get isActive(): boolean {    return this.props.isActive;  }   get createdAt(): Date {    return this.props.createdAt;  }   // Comportamientos de dominio  updateEmail(newEmail: Email): void {    this.props.email = newEmail;    this.props.updatedAt = new Date();  }   updateName(newName: string): void {    if (newName.length < 2) {      throw new Error('Name must have at least 2 characters');    }    this.props.name = newName;    this.props.updatedAt = new Date();  }   deactivate(): void {    this.props.isActive = false;    this.props.updatedAt = new Date();  }   activate(): void {    this.props.isActive = true;    this.props.updatedAt = new Date();  }   validatePassword(plainPassword: string): boolean {    return this.props.password.compare(plainPassword);  }   // Domain Events  private addDomainEvent(event: DomainEvent): void {    this.domainEvents.push(event);  }   pullDomainEvents(): DomainEvent[] {    const events = [...this.domainEvents];    this.domainEvents = [];    return events;  }}

// src/domain/value-objects/Email.tsimport { DomainError } from '../errors/DomainError'; export class Email {  private readonly value: string;   private constructor(email: string) {    this.value = email.toLowerCase().trim();  }   static create(email: string): Email {    if (!email) {      throw new DomainError('Email is required');    }     const emailRegex = /^[^\s@]+@[^\s@]+\.[^\s@]+$/;    if (!emailRegex.test(email)) {      throw new DomainError('Invalid email format');    }     return new Email(email);  }   getValue(): string {    return this.value;  }   equals(other: Email): boolean {    return this.value === other.value;  }   toString(): string {    return this.value;  }}

// src/domain/value-objects/Password.tsimport bcrypt from 'bcrypt';import { DomainError } from '../errors/DomainError'; export class Password {  private readonly hashedValue: string;  private readonly isHashed: boolean;   private constructor(value: string, isHashed: boolean) {    this.hashedValue = value;    this.isHashed = isHashed;  }   static create(plainPassword: string): Password {    if (!plainPassword || plainPassword.length < 8) {      throw new DomainError('Password must have at least 8 characters');    }     if (!/[A-Z]/.test(plainPassword)) {      throw new DomainError('Password must have at least one uppercase letter');    }     if (!/[0-9]/.test(plainPassword)) {      throw new DomainError('Password must have at least one number');    }     const hashed = bcrypt.hashSync(plainPassword, 12);    return new Password(hashed, true);  }   static fromHashed(hashedPassword: string): Password {    return new Password(hashedPassword, true);  }   compare(plainPassword: string): boolean {    return bcrypt.compareSync(plainPassword, this.hashedValue);  }   getValue(): string {    return this.hashedValue;  }}

// src/domain/repositories/IUserRepository.tsimport { User } from '../entities/User';import { Email } from '../value-objects/Email';import { UserId } from '../value-objects/UserId'; export interface IUserRepository {  findById(id: UserId): Promise<User | null>;  findByEmail(email: Email): Promise<User | null>;  findAll(options?: {    page?: number;    limit?: number;    filter?: { isActive?: boolean };  }): Promise<{ users: User[]; total: number }>;  save(user: User): Promise<void>;  delete(id: UserId): Promise<void>;  exists(email: Email): Promise<boolean>;}

// src/shared/utils/Result.tsexport class Result<T, E = Error> {  private constructor(    private readonly _isSuccess: boolean,    private readonly _value?: T,    private readonly _error?: E  ) {}   static ok<T>(value: T): Result<T, never> {    return new Result(true, value);  }   static fail<E>(error: E): Result<never, E> {    return new Result(false, undefined, error);  }   isSuccess(): boolean {    return this._isSuccess;  }   isFailure(): boolean {    return !this._isSuccess;  }   getValue(): T {    if (!this._isSuccess) {      throw new Error('Cannot get value of a failed result');    }    return this._value as T;  }   getError(): E {    if (this._isSuccess) {      throw new Error('Cannot get error of a successful result');    }    return this._error as E;  }}

// src/application/use-cases/CreateUser/CreateUserUseCase.tsimport { User } from '../../../domain/entities/User';import { Email } from '../../../domain/value-objects/Email';import { Password } from '../../../domain/value-objects/Password';import { IUserRepository } from '../../../domain/repositories/IUserRepository';import { IEventPublisher } from '../../services/IEventPublisher';import { ILogger } from '../../services/ILogger';import { Result } from '../../../shared/utils/Result';import { CreateUserDTO, CreateUserResponseDTO } from './CreateUserDTO';import { EmailAlreadyExistsError } from '../../../domain/errors'; export class CreateUserUseCase {  constructor(    private readonly userRepository: IUserRepository,    private readonly eventPublisher: IEventPublisher,    private readonly logger: ILogger  ) {}   async execute(    dto: CreateUserDTO  ): Promise<Result<CreateUserResponseDTO, Error>> {    try {      // 1. Crear Value Objects (validación en dominio)      const email = Email.create(dto.email);      const password = Password.create(dto.password);       // 2. Verificar reglas de negocio      const emailExists = await this.userRepository.exists(email);      if (emailExists) {        return Result.fail(new EmailAlreadyExistsError(dto.email));      }       // 3. Crear entidad      const user = User.create({        email,        password,        name: dto.name,      });       // 4. Persistir      await this.userRepository.save(user);       // 5. Publicar eventos de dominio      const domainEvents = user.pullDomainEvents();      for (const event of domainEvents) {        await this.eventPublisher.publish(event);      }       this.logger.info('User created successfully', {        userId: user.id.getValue()      });       // 6. Retornar DTO de respuesta      return Result.ok({        id: user.id.getValue(),        email: user.email.getValue(),        name: user.name,        createdAt: user.createdAt,      });    } catch (error) {      this.logger.error('Error creating user', { error, dto });      return Result.fail(error as Error);    }  }}

// src/infrastructure/database/repositories/PrismaUserRepository.tsimport { PrismaClient } from '@prisma/client';import { User } from '../../../domain/entities/User';import { Email } from '../../../domain/value-objects/Email';import { Password } from '../../../domain/value-objects/Password';import { UserId } from '../../../domain/value-objects/UserId';import { IUserRepository } from '../../../domain/repositories/IUserRepository'; export class PrismaUserRepository implements IUserRepository {  constructor(private readonly prisma: PrismaClient) {}   async findById(id: UserId): Promise<User | null> {    const data = await this.prisma.user.findUnique({      where: { id: id.getValue() },    });     if (!data) return null;     return this.toDomain(data);  }   async findByEmail(email: Email): Promise<User | null> {    const data = await this.prisma.user.findUnique({      where: { email: email.getValue() },    });     if (!data) return null;     return this.toDomain(data);  }   async save(user: User): Promise<void> {    const data = this.toPersistence(user);     await this.prisma.user.upsert({      where: { id: data.id },      create: data,      update: data,    });  }   async delete(id: UserId): Promise<void> {    await this.prisma.user.delete({      where: { id: id.getValue() },    });  }   async exists(email: Email): Promise<boolean> {    const count = await this.prisma.user.count({      where: { email: email.getValue() },    });    return count > 0;  }   // Mappers  private toDomain(data: any): User {    return User.reconstitute({      id: UserId.fromString(data.id),      email: Email.create(data.email),      password: Password.fromHashed(data.password),      name: data.name,      isActive: data.isActive,      createdAt: data.createdAt,      updatedAt: data.updatedAt,    });  }   private toPersistence(user: User): any {    return {      id: user.id.getValue(),      email: user.email.getValue(),      password: user.password.getValue(),      name: user.name,      isActive: user.isActive,      createdAt: user.createdAt,      updatedAt: user.updatedAt,    };  }}

// src/presentation/http/controllers/UserController.tsimport { Request, Response } from 'express';import { CreateUserUseCase } from '../../../application/use-cases/CreateUser';import { GetUserUseCase } from '../../../application/use-cases/GetUser';import { UserPresenter } from '../presenters/UserPresenter'; export class UserController {  constructor(    private readonly createUserUseCase: CreateUserUseCase,    private readonly getUserUseCase: GetUserUseCase  ) {}   async create(req: Request, res: Response): Promise<Response> {    const result = await this.createUserUseCase.execute(req.body);     if (result.isFailure()) {      const error = result.getError();      return res.status(this.getErrorStatus(error)).json({        error: error.message,      });    }     return res.status(201).json(UserPresenter.toJSON(result.getValue()));  }   async getById(req: Request, res: Response): Promise<Response> {    const result = await this.getUserUseCase.execute({ id: req.params.id });     if (result.isFailure()) {      return res.status(404).json({ error: 'User not found' });    }     return res.json(UserPresenter.toJSON(result.getValue()));  }   private getErrorStatus(error: Error): number {    switch (error.constructor.name) {      case 'EmailAlreadyExistsError':        return 409;      case 'UserNotFoundError':        return 404;      case 'ValidationError':      case 'DomainError':        return 400;      default:        return 500;    }  }}

// src/shared/patterns/CircuitBreaker.tstype State = 'CLOSED' | 'OPEN' | 'HALF_OPEN'; interface CircuitBreakerOptions {  timeout: number;  errorThreshold: number;  resetTimeout: number;  onStateChange?: (from: State, to: State) => void;} export class CircuitBreaker {  private state: State = 'CLOSED';  private failures = 0;  private successes = 0;  private lastFailureTime?: number;  private readonly halfOpenMaxAttempts = 3;   constructor(private readonly options: CircuitBreakerOptions) {}   async execute<T>(fn: () => Promise<T>): Promise<T> {    if (this.state === 'OPEN') {      if (Date.now() - this.lastFailureTime! > this.options.resetTimeout) {        this.transitionTo('HALF_OPEN');      } else {        throw new CircuitBreakerOpenError('Circuit breaker is OPEN');      }    }     try {      const result = await Promise.race([        fn(),        this.timeout(),      ]);       this.onSuccess();      return result as T;    } catch (error) {      this.onFailure();      throw error;    }  }   private timeout(): Promise<never> {    return new Promise((_, reject) => {      setTimeout(        () => reject(new Error('Operation timed out')),        this.options.timeout      );    });  }   private onSuccess(): void {    if (this.state === 'HALF_OPEN') {      this.successes++;      if (this.successes >= this.halfOpenMaxAttempts) {        this.transitionTo('CLOSED');      }    } else {      this.failures = 0;    }  }   private onFailure(): void {    this.failures++;    this.lastFailureTime = Date.now();     if (this.state === 'HALF_OPEN') {      this.transitionTo('OPEN');    } else if (this.failures >= this.options.errorThreshold) {      this.transitionTo('OPEN');    }  }   private transitionTo(newState: State): void {    if (this.state !== newState) {      this.options.onStateChange?.(this.state, newState);      this.state = newState;      this.failures = 0;      this.successes = 0;    }  }}

// src/shared/patterns/RetryWithBackoff.tsinterface RetryOptions {  maxRetries: number;  baseDelay: number;  maxDelay: number;  shouldRetry?: (error: Error) => boolean;} export async function retryWithBackoff<T>(  fn: () => Promise<T>,  options: RetryOptions): Promise<T> {  const { maxRetries, baseDelay, maxDelay, shouldRetry } = options;  let lastError: Error;   for (let attempt = 0; attempt <= maxRetries; attempt++) {    try {      return await fn();    } catch (error) {      lastError = error as Error;       if (shouldRetry && !shouldRetry(lastError)) {        throw lastError;      }       if (attempt < maxRetries) {        const exponentialDelay = baseDelay * Math.pow(2, attempt);        const jitter = Math.random() * 0.3 * exponentialDelay;        const delay = Math.min(exponentialDelay + jitter, maxDelay);         await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, delay));      }    }  }   throw lastError!;}

# docker/DockerfileFROM node:20-alpine AS builder WORKDIR /appCOPY package*.json ./COPY prisma ./prisma/RUN npm ci COPY . .RUN npx prisma generateRUN npm run buildRUN npm prune --production FROM node:20-alpine WORKDIR /app RUN addgroup -g 1001 -S nodejs && \    adduser -S nodejs -u 1001 COPY --from=builder --chown=nodejs:nodejs /app/dist ./distCOPY --from=builder --chown=nodejs:nodejs /app/node_modules ./node_modulesCOPY --from=builder --chown=nodejs:nodejs /app/prisma ./prisma ENV NODE_ENV=productionENV PORT=3000 USER nodejs HEALTHCHECK --interval=30s --timeout=3s --start-period=5s --retries=3 \  CMD wget --no-verbose --tries=1 --spider http://localhost:3000/health/live || exit 1 EXPOSE 3000CMD ["node", "dist/server.js"]

# k8s/deployment.yamlapiVersion: apps/v1kind: Deploymentmetadata:  name: user-servicespec:  replicas: 3  strategy:    type: RollingUpdate    rollingUpdate:      maxSurge: 1      maxUnavailable: 0  selector:    matchLabels:      app: user-service  template:    spec:      containers:        - name: user-service          image: myregistry/user-service:latest          ports:            - containerPort: 3000          resources:            requests:              memory: "128Mi"              cpu: "100m"            limits:              memory: "512Mi"              cpu: "500m"          livenessProbe:            httpGet:              path: /health/live              port: 3000            initialDelaySeconds: 15            periodSeconds: 10          readinessProbe:            httpGet:              path: /health/ready              port: 3000            initialDelaySeconds: 5            periodSeconds: 5

// src/presentation/http/controllers/HealthController.tsimport { Request, Response } from 'express'; export class HealthController {  async live(req: Request, res: Response): Promise<Response> {    return res.status(200).json({      status: 'alive',      timestamp: new Date().toISOString(),    });  }   async ready(req: Request, res: Response): Promise<Response> {    const checks = await Promise.all([      this.checkDatabase(),      this.checkRabbitMQ(),    ]);     const allHealthy = checks.every((c) => c.status === 'healthy');     return res.status(allHealthy ? 200 : 503).json({      status: allHealthy ? 'ready' : 'not ready',      timestamp: new Date().toISOString(),      checks,    });  }}